“Technological agency in the co-constitution of legal expertise and the US drone program.”, Constructivism in international relations, English school of international relations theory, http://www.palgrave.com/page/detail/theories-of-international-relations-scott-burchill/?isb=978023036222, "TAKING STOCK: The Constructivist Research Program in International Relations and Comparative Politics", "We have never been civilized: Torture and the Materiality of World Political Binaries. Such interests and identities are central determinants of state behaviour, as such studying their nature and their formation is integral in constructivist methodology to explaining the international system. On the one hand, there are constructivist scholars such as Martha Finnemore, Kathryn Sikkink, Peter Katzenstein, Elizabeth Kier, and Alexander Wendt, whose work has been widely accepted within the mainstream IR community and has generated vibrant scholarly discussions among realists, liberals, institutionalists, and constructivists. but as cognitive structures comprising of identities and interests ‘ that do not exist apart from actors’ ideas about how the world works.’ ( Wendt 1992, p.399). Self-proclaimed constructivists often have (or at least are seen to have) worldviews that fall within liberalism, broadly defined, and often accept that categoriz… Like the nature of the international system, constructivists see such identities and interests as not objectively grounded in material forces (such as dictates of the human nature that underpins classical realism) but the result of ideas and the social construction of such ideas. Wendt clarifies that the ‘deep structure of anarchy is cultural or ideational rather than material…based on different kind of roles in terms of which states represent self and Other.’ ( Wendt 1999, p. 43 in Baylis p.160). By attempting to show that even such a core realist concept as "power politics" is socially constructed—that is, not given by nature and hence, capable of being transformed by human practice—Wendt opened the way for a generation of international relations scholars to pursue work in a wide range of issues from a constructivist perspective. “Structure” means the ability to influence the behavior of individuals. Leander, A., 2013. A Comment on Legro" in, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, Alexander Wendt, "Anarchy is What States Make of It: the Social Construction of Power Politics" in, Stephen Walt writes on the back cover of Finnemore's book "Many writers have asserted that social structures assert a powerful impact on national preferences...but Finnemore is the first to present sophisticated evidence for this claim.". In essence, constructivism criticises the rationalist approach of ignoring the role of social factors in interaction between players in International relations. [27] Constructivists may fail to recognize that their focus on describing the emergence of shared norms not only vitiates the predictive value of their theory but also that it ignores the important role of deception in international relations. 2, 1992, pp. In contrast to these other approaches, constructivism is a social theory (or family of social theories) or theory of process (Adler 1997, 2003; Checkel 1998; Wendt 1999; Hoffmann 2009), which means it necessarily lacks a priori commitments on key elements of international relations theories – the identity, nature, interests, and behavior of important actors and the structure of world politics. Self-help and power politics are institutions, not essential features of anarchy. Competitive system exists with states possessing greater power exercising greater influence name 'the Introduction to international relations: and. 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